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Banned in the Media: A Reference Guide to Censorship in the Press, Motion Pictures, Broadcasting, anThe 1996 Oxford Modern English Dictionary defines the "media" as "the main means of mass communication (esp. newspapers and broadcasting)." The 1995 Cambridge Paperback Encyclopedia ( David Crystal , ed., 2d ed., 1995) says "media" is "a collective term for television, radio, cinema, and the press." This book will use these standard definitions, with one modification: the inclusion of the Internet, the newest and most controversial form of mass communication. |
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BeowulfTHE Old English Beowulf holds a unique place as the oldest epic narrative in any modern European tongue. Of unknown authorship, and dating in all probability from the early eighth century, the poem gives brilliant presentment of the spirit and embodiment of the heroic tradition. Illuminating studies of the Beowulf, in comparatively recent years, by Ker, Lawrence, Chambers, Klaeber, Malone, and others, have brought increasing appraisal of the extent to which Scandinavian backgrounds are reflected in its material, literary tradition in its structure, and Christian influence in its spirit. |
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Black, White, and Huckleberry Finn: Re-Imagining the American Dream,On September 4, 1957, National Guard troops ringed Little Rock's Central High School, which had been ordered to desegregate. They had been called up by the governor, who predicted, or promised, that "blood would run in the streets" if black children tried to enter. When eight of the children arrived, accompanied by two black and two white clergymen, they were confronted by the troops and a howling mob of men and women. The children were pushed and shoved, then informed by a National Guard captain that on orders of the governor they would not be allowed to enter. Escorted by the president of the State Conference of NAACP branches, a black woman, the children proceeded to the offices of the United States Attorney and the FBI. 1 |
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Constitution Making: Conflict and Consensus in the Federal Convention of 1787,This study explores both the empirical and the substantive validity of the traditional historical and philosophical interpretations of the creation of the American Constitution. Advocates of differing interpretations of the Constitution's drafting have taken two distinct views, some arguing that the Convention created the Constitution out of a commitment to ideas and political principles, others arguing that the participants designed the Constitution to aid and protect their social, political, and economic interests. This study looks more closely at the roll-call voting record of the Constitutional Convention than any previous study and concludes that an accurate understanding of the constitution-making process must acknowledge that both philosophical and material concerns were at work in the Federal Convention. |
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Ernest Hemingway'sEditor's Note This book gathers together a representative selection of the best criticism devoted to Ernest Hemingway's novel A Farewell to Arms. The critical essays are reprinted here in the chronological order of their original publication. I am grateful to Susan Beegel for her erudition and judgment in helping me to edit this volume. |
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Feminist Interpretation of the Bible,In 1976 The Liberating Word: A Guide to Nonsexist Interpretation of the Bible was published by a small NCCC Task Force on Sexism in the Bible. In the introduction to that book I wrote that the message of the Bible can become a liberating word for those who hear and act in faith but that this same message also |
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Images and Symbols: Studies in Religious SymbolismMany laymen envy the vocation of the historian of religions. What nobler or more rewarding occupation could there be than to frequent the great mystics of all the religions, to live among symbols and mysteries, to read and understand the myths of all the nations? The layman imagines that a historian of religions must be equally at home with the Greek or the Egyptian mythology, with the authentic teaching of the Buddha, the Taoist mysteries or the secret rites of initiation in archaic societies. |
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J.R.R. Tolkien and His Literary Resonances: Views of Middle-Earth,There is something about Tolkien's art which eludes the conventional strategies of contemporary criticism, even when these are deployed with sympathy and patience." This view from Brian Rosebury in Tolkien: A Critical Assessment (4) is insightful. The key words are, of course, "conventional" and "contemporary," for what Tolkien was doing, for all his contemporary popularity, was anything but writing a contemporary--or modern--novel. Given that he was not writing a modern novel, it is quite typical that conventional criticism can make little of Hobbit and LR other than reduce them to World War II allegories or mere escapist yearnings for a passing rural England (the sort of criticism continually aimed at The Wind in the Willows, |
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