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Achilles Tendon InjuryThe Achilles tendon has 2 major functions during running. The calf muscles (1) lower the forefoot to the ground after heelstrike; and (2) raise the heel during "toeing off". Achilles tendinitis is caused by a force on the tendon greater than its inherent |
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Basic Principles of Sports Medicine1) Traumatic injuries are sudden happenings, in which you know something has gone wrong, and you feel the immediate effects of the injury, perhaps pain, swelling, bruising, or an open wound. The traumatic injury can be extrinisc, or due to some external c |
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Decompression Sickness (Caisson Disease; The Bends)A disorder resulting from reduction of surrounding pressure (as in ascent from a dive, exit from a caisson or hyperbaric chamber, or ascent to altitude), attributed to formation of bubbles from dissolved gas in blood or tissues, and usually characterized |
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Drowning and Near-DrowningDrowning is a relatively common cause of accidental death, particularly in children. In adolescents and adults, alcohol and drugs are frequently a contributory factor.There are considerable differences in the osmotic pressure of salt water (5%NaCl), fresh |
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Foot InjuriesThe many joints which comprise the foot are all bound together by ligaments, or thickened protective parts of the joint coverings. Any of these ligaments may be damaged by abnormal strains. Usually, the strain is the result of a suddent twist. The strain |
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FrostbiteLoss of body heat is by conduction (wet clothing, contact with metal), convection (windchill) and radiation. Susceptibility to cold injury is increased by dehydration; drug or alcohol excess; impaired consciousness; exhaustion; hunger; anaemia; impaired c |
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Hamstring InjuriesAn acute hamstring injury can happen in a variety of different ways, with the one common factor that there is a sudden pain in the muscles, which is directly related to a particular movement or incident |
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Heatstroke and Heat ExhaustionExposure to high ambient temperature may lead either to excessive fluid loss and dehypovolemic shock (heat exhaustion) or to failure of heat mechanisms and dangerous hyperpyrexia (heatstroke) |
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High- Altitude Illness ( Acute Mountain Sickness ,AMS)Atmospheric pressure decreases as altitude increases, but the percentage of O2 in air remains constant; thus, the partial pressure of O2 decreases with altitude and at 18,000 ft (5500 m) is about � that at sea level. About 20% of persons ascending above |
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Knee InjuriesThe knee is not simply a hinge-joint: you bend and straighten it, but you can also turn it slightly in a twisting movement, when the knee is bent. This rotatory movement automatically accompanies the bending and straightening movements. As you bend your k |
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